What's In A Name? Let's Find Out - A Geography Question

So I'm off to the swimming pool in about 30 minutes, and I was glancing around at my study. A thought occurred to me which I'll share with all of you, because my readership is international. So ... as I sit in my chair at my computer, I have a large map of Antarctica behind me on my closet door. It's old, a bit dated, and in sad shape, and I'm reluctantly contemplating taking it down and tossing it, after decades. 

This is the map that I have on my closet door. Mine is in 
sad shape - a tear going up from bottom to top, almost 
taking the right-hand quarter strip (top to bottom) off. It's 
a lovely map, but it might be time to take it down. 

Looking at that, however, reminded me of two things. First, that things are always changing. I know well that the map is dated. There have been several massive ice flows that have cracked off of Antarctica, moving away from the greater continent and causing all kinds of problems that scientists moan about. Exactly what? I can't say right now, and it's not the point of this post in any case. Suffice it to say, the map is dated - it's more than 20 years out of date, possibly much more. 

This map is a NASA Climate Change map. It's 
quite a bit more recent than my National 
Geographic map, and you can see substantial 
differences, especially in the Northwestern 
quadrant. 

The other thing that occurred to me is the name. Antarctica. I'm sure that's what this landmass is called in my nation, but is it in yours? When I think about it, the lands we so casually refer to here in the USA, really aren't called those names by their residents. There are exceptions, of course. Canada is still Canada, England or the United Kingdom is still England or the UK. But France is pronounced differently, and Germany is Alemania (sorry if I totally blew the spelling). So, out of curiosity, since I have an internaional readership and a well-educated readership, what are the various names for your nation, and what do you call the USA? Do you call it the USA, or do you have a different word? And what is YOUR nation called in your native tongue? 

Then, there are the territorial rights. Seven sovereign states
have made eight claims upon the continent of
Antarctica. Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, 
New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom have
all made claims on the land. It's actually quite 
impressive, how many nations want this land of 
ice. But with global warming, it may turn into a very 
different landscape. 

We all live on this great blue ball hurtling through the greater solar system which is hurtling through the universe. We speak of kindness, and understanding, and seeing the world from the perspective of other people, but we can't seem to actually achieve that unity or understanding. Each area seems to think they have the answer! It's like they can't understand why everyone else isn't aware of that fact! I rather doubt that any single person or area has any answer except that specific to their own. But, I'm willing to be open minded. 

Here, for example, is a map of Europe in the German 
language. Unfortunately, it's not easy to read. There 
are a LOT of nations in the small area of Europe. 

So please share in the comments. What do you call your own nation? Do you call mine the United States of America or do you have a different name for it (no cursing, please), and what about your neighboring nations? What are they called? It's simple curiosity on my part, but maybe we'll all learn a little bit from today's answers. Have an excellent Tuesday and I'll be back tomorrow. I'm off to the pool. Slava Ukraini and חיים למען ישראל.